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  2009外研社 朗文杯 全国新概念英语大赛预赛背诵范围  
  作者:默默  发布时间:2009-04-07  
 

预赛背诵范围

A组:英语初阶First Things First

背诵范围选自《新概念英语》第一册:

Lesson 55  The Sawyer family
            索耶一家人

    The Sawyer live at 87 King Street. In the morning, Mr. Sawyer goes to   work and the children go to school. Mrs. Sawyer stays at home every day. She does the housework. She always eats her lunch at noon. In the afternoon, she usually sees her friends. They often drink tea together. In the evening, the children come home from school. They arrive home early. Mr. Sawyer comes home from work. He arrives home late. At night, the children always do their homework. Then they go to bed. Mr. Sawyer usually reads his newspaper, but sometimes he and his wife watch television.

Lesson 69 The car race
             
汽车比赛

There is a car race near our town every year. In 1995, there was a very big race. There were hundreds of people there. My wife and I were at the race. Our friends Julie and Jack were there, too. You can see us in the crowd. We are standing on the left. There were twenty cars in the race. There were English cars, French cares, German cars. Italian cars. American cars and Japanese cars. It was an exciting finish. The winner was Billy Stewart. He was in car number fifteen. Five other cars were just behind him. On the way home, my wife said to me, ’Don’t drive so quickly! You’re not Billy Stewart!’

Lesson 77 Terrible toothache
            
要命的牙痛

NURSE:     Good morning. Mr. Croft.
MR. CROFT: Good morning, nurse.   I was to see the dentist, please.
NURSE:     Do you have an appointment?
MR. CROFT: No, I don’t.
NURSE:     Is it urgent?
MR. CROFT: Yes, it is. It’s very urgent. I feel awful. I have a terrible toothache.
NURSE:     Can you come at 10 a.m. on Monday, April 24th?
MR. CROFT: I must see the dentist now, nurse.
NURSE:     The dentist is very busy at the moment. Can you come at 2 p.m.?
MR. CROFT: That’s very late. Can the dentist see me now?
NURSE:     I’m afraid that he can’t, Mr. Croft. Can’t you wait till this afternoon?
MR. CROFT: I can wait, but my toothache can’t!

Lesson 83 Going on holiday
               
度假

CAROL: Hello, Sam. Come in.
TOM:   Hi, Sam. We’re having lunch. Do you want to have lunch with us?
SAM:   No, thank you. Tom. I’ve already had lunch. I had at half past twelve.
CAROL: Have a cup of coffee then.
SAM:   I’ve just had a cup, thank you. I had one after my lunch.
TOM:   Let’s go into the living room, Carol. We can have our coffee there.
CAROL: Excuse the mess, Sam. This room’s very untidy. We’re packing our suitcases. We’re going to leave tomorrow. Tom and I are going to have a holiday.
SAM:   Aren’t you lucky!
TOM:   When are you going to have a holiday, Sam?
SAM:   I don’t know. I’ve already had my holiday this year.
CAROL: Where did you go?
SAM:   I stayed at home!

Lesson 85 Pairs in the spring
             
巴黎之春

GEORGE: Hello, Ken.
KEN:    Hi, George.
GEORGE: Have you just been to the cinema?
KEN:    Yes, I have.
GEORGE: What’s on?
KEN:    ’Paris in the spring’.
GEORGE: Oh, I’ve already seen it. I saw it on television last year. It’s an old film, but it’s very good.
KEN:    Paris is a beautiful city.
GEORGE: I’ve never been there. Have you ever been there, Ken?
KEN:    Yes, I have. I was there in April.
GEORGE: Pairs in the spring, eh?
KEN:    It was spring, but the weather was awful. It rained all the time.
GEORGE: Just like London!

Lesson 89  For sale
              
待售

NIGELGood afternoon. I believe that this is house is for sale.
IAN:   That’s right.
NIGEL
May I have a look at it, please?
IAN:   Yes, of course. Come in.
NIGEL
How long have you lived here?
IAN:   I’ve live here for twenty years.
NIGEL
Twenty year! That’s long time.
IAN:   Yes, I’ve been here since 1976.
NIGEL
Then why do you want to sell it?
IAN:   Because I’ve just retired. I want to buy a small house in the country.
NIGEL
How much does this house cost?
IAN:   $68,500.
NIGEL
Well, I like the house, but I can’t decide yet. My wife must see it first.
IAN:   Women always have the last word.

Lesson 101  A card from Jimmy
           
吉米的明信片

GRANDMOTHER: Read Jimmy’s card to me please, penny.
PENNY:       ’I have just arrived in Scotland and I’m staying at a Youth Hostel.’
GRANDMOTHER: Eh?
PENNY:       He says he’s just arrived in Scotland. He says he’s staying at a Youth Hostel. You know he’s a member of the Y.H.A.,
GRANDMOTHER: The what?
PENNY:       The Y.H.A., Mum. The Youth Hostels Association.
GRANDMOTHER: What else does he say?
PENNY:       ’I’ll write a letter soon. I hope you all well.’
GRANDMOTHER: What? Speak up. Penny. I’m afraid I can’t hear you
PENNY:       He says he’ll write a letter soon. He hopes we are all well. ’Love, Jimmy.’
GRANDMOTHER: Is that all? He doesn’t say very much, does he?
PENNY:       He can’t write very much on a card, Mum.

Lesson 103 The French test
            
法语考试

GARY:    How was the exam, Richard?
RICHARD: Not too bad. I think I passed in English and Mathematics. The questions were very easy. How about you, Gary?
GARY:    The English and Maths papers weren’t easy enough for me. I hope I haven’t failed.
RICHARD: I think I failed the French paper. I could answer sixteen of the question. They were very easy. But I couldn’t answer the rest. They were too difficult for me.
GARY:    French test are awful, aren’t they?
RICHARD: I hate them. I’m sure I’ve got a low mark.
GARY:    Oh, cheer up! Perhaps we didn’t to do badly. The guy next to me wrote his name at the top of the paper.
RICHARD: Yes?
GARY:    Then he sat there and looked at it for three hours! He didn’t write a word!

 

 

B组:实践与进步 Practice Progress
背诵范围选自《新概念英语》第二册:
Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another
                礼尚往来
I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony Steele came in. Tony worked in a lawyer’s office years ago, but he is now working at a bank. He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back. Tony saw me and came and sat at the same table. He has never borrowed money from me. While he was eating, I asked him to lend me twenty pounds. To my surprise, he gave me the money immediately. ’I have never borrowed any money from you,’ Tony said, ’so now you can pay for my dinner!’
Lesson 14 Do you speak English?
             你会讲英语吗?
I had an amusing experience last year. After I had left a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town. On the way, a young man waved to me. I stopped and he asked me for a lift. As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French and he replied in the same language. Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all. Neither of us spoke during the journey. I had nearly reached the town, when the young man suddenly said, very slowly, "Do you speak English?’ As I soon learnt, he was English himself!’
Lesson 15 Good news
                   佳音
The secretary told me that Mr. Harmsworth would see me. I felt very nervous when I went into his office. He did not look up from his desk when I entered. After I had sat down, he said that business was very bad. He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries. Twenty people had already left. I knew that my turn had come.
    ’Mr.Harmsworth,’ I said in a weak voice.
    ’Don’t interrupt,’ he said.
    Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra thousand pounds a year!
Lesson 18 He often does this!
             他经常干这种事!
What had happened to the writer’s bag?
    After I had had lunch at a village pub, I looked for my bag. I had left it on a chair beside the door and now it wasn’t there! As I was looking for it, the landlord came in.
    ’Did you have a good meal?" he asked.
    ’Yes, thank you,’ I answered, ’but I can’t pay the bill. I haven’t got my bag.’
    The landlord smiled and immediately went out. In a few minutes he returned with my bag and gave it back to me.
    ’I’m very sorry,’ he said. ’My dog had taken in into the garden. He often does this!’
Lesson 27  A wet night
                  雨夜
Late in the afternoon, the boys put up their tent in the middle of a field. As soon as this was done, they cooked a meal over an open fire. They were all hungry and the food smelled good. After a wonderful meal, they told stories and sang songs by the campfire. But some time later it began to rain. The boys felt tired so they put out the fire and crept into their tent. Their sleeping bags were warm and comfortable, so they all slept soundly. In the middle of the night, two boys woke up and began shouting. The tent was full of water! They all leapt out of their sleeping bags and hurried outside. It was raining heavily and they found that a stream had formed in the field. The stream wound its way across the field and then flowed right under their tent!
Lesson 31 Success story
              成功者的故事
Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a young man. Before he retired, Frank was the head of a very large business company, but as a boy he used to work in a small shop. It was his job to repair bicycles and at that time he used to work fourteen hours a day. He saved money for years and in 1958 he bought a small workshop of his own. In his twenties Frank used to make spare parts for aeroplanes. At that time he had two helpers. In a few years the small workshop had become a large factory which employed seven hundred and twenty-eight people. Frank smiled when he remembered his hard early years and the long road to success. He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in. She wanted him to repair their grandson’s bicycle!
Lesson 46 Expensive and uncomfortable
             既昂贵又受罪
When a plane from London arrived at Sydney airport, workers began to unload a number of wooden boxes which contained clothing. No one could account for the fact that one of the boxes was extremely heavy. It suddenly occurred to one of the workers to open up the box. He was astonished at what he found. A man was lying in the box on top of a pile of woolen goods. He was so surprised at being discovered that he did not even try to run away. After he was arrested, the man admitted hiding in the box before the plane left London. He had had a long and uncomfortable trip, for he had been confined to the wooden box for over eighteen hours. The man was ordered to pay $3,500 for the cost of the trip. The normal price of a ticket is $2,000!
Lesson 53  Hot snake
               触电的蛇
At last firemen have put out a big forest fire in California. Since then, they have been trying to find out how the fire began. Forest fires are often caused by broken glass or by cigarette ends which people carelessly throw away. Yesterday the firemen examined the ground carefully, but were not able to find any broken glass. They were also quite sure that a cigarette end did not start the fire. This morning, however, a firemen accidentally discovered the cause. He noticed the remains of a snake which was wound round the electric wires of a 16,000-volt power line. In this way, he was able to solve the mystery. The explanation was simple but very unusual. A bird had snatched up the snake from the ground and then dropped it on to the wires. The snake then wound itself round the wires. When it did so, it sent sparks down to the ground and these immediately started a fire.
 
 
C组:培养技能Developing Skills
背诵范围选自《新概念英语》第三册:
Lesson 2 Thirteen equals one
            十三等于一
Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired. The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago and has been silent ever since.
    One night, however, our vicar work up with a start: the clock was striking the hours! Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o’clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped. Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on. In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkins, our local grocer.
    ’Whatever are you doing up here Bill?’ asked the vicar in surprise.
    ’I’m trying to repair the bell,’ answered Bill. ’I’ve been coming up here night after night for weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise.’
    ’You certainly did give me a surprise!’ said the vicar. ’You’ve probably woken up everyone in the village as well. Still, I’m glad the bell is working again.’
    That’s the trouble, vicar,’ answered Bill. ’It’s working all right, but I’m afraid that at one o’clock it will strike thirteen times and there’s nothing I can do about it."
    We’ll get used to that, Bill,’ said the vicar. "Thirteen is not as good as one, but it’s better than nothing. Now let’s go downstairs and have a cup of tea.’
Lesson 4 The double life of Alfred Bloggs
    阿尔弗雷德.布洛格斯的双重生活
These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than people who work in offices. People who work in offices are frequently referred to as "white-collar workers’ for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work. Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers. This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.
    When he got married, Alf was too embarrassed to say anything to his wife about his job. He simply told her that he worked for the Corporation. Every morning, he left home dressed in a smart black suit. He then changed into overalls and spent the next eight hours as a dustman. Before returning home at night. He took a shower and changed back into his suit. Alf did this for over two years and his fellow dustmen kept his secret Alf’s wife has never discovered that she married a dustman and she never will, for Alf has just found another job. He will soon be working in an office. He will be earning only half as much as he used to, but he feels that his rise in status is well worth the loss of money. From now on, he will wear a suit all day and others will call him ’Mr. Bloggs’, not ’Alf’.
Lesson 10 The loss of the Titanic
         “泰坦尼克”号的沉没
The great ship, Titanic, sailed for New York from Southampton on April 10th, 1912. She was carrying 1,316 passengers and crew of 891. Even by modern standards, the 46,000 ton Titanic was a colossal ship. At the time, however, she was not only the largest ship that had ever been built, but was regarded as unsinkable, for she had sixteen watertight compartments. Even if two of these were flooded, she would still be able to float. The tragic sinking of this great liner will always be remembered, for she went down on her first voyage with heavy loss of life.
    Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy water of the North Atlantic, huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a lookout. After the alarm had been given, the great ship turned sharply to avoid a direct collision. The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense walk of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her. Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and the captain went down to see what had happened. The noise had been so faint that no one though that the ship had been damaged. Below, the captain realized to his horror that the Titanic was sinking rapidly, for five of her sixteen watertight compartments had already been flooded! The order to abandon ship was given and hundreds of people plunged into the icy water. As there were not enough lifeboats for everybody, 1,500 lives were lost.
Lesson 18 Electric currents in modern art
          
现代艺术的电流
Modern sculpture rarely surprises us any more. The idea that modern art can only be seen in museums is mistaken. Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern sculpture on display in public places. Strange forms stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops. We have got quite used to them. Some so-called ’modern’ pieces have been on display for nearly eighty years.
    In spite of this, some people -- including myself -- were surprise by a recent exhibition of modern sculpture. The first thing I saw when I entered the art gallery was a notice which said: ’Do not touch the exhibits. Some of them are dangerous!’ The objects on display were pieces of moving sculpture. Oddly shaped forms that are suspended form the ceiling and move in response to a gust of wind are quite familiar to everybody. These objects, however, were different. Lined up against the wall, there were long thin wires attached to metal spheres. The spheres had been magnetized and attracted or repelled each other all the time. In the centre of the hall, there were a number of tall structures which contained coloured lights. These lights flickered continuously like traffic lights which have gone mad. Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off angrily. It was rather like an exhibition of prehistoric electronic equipment. These peculiar forms not only seemed designed to shock people emotionally, but to give them electric shocks as well!
Lesson 22 By heart
              熟记台词
         Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end, In many ways, this is unfortunate for the poor actors who are required to go on repeating the same lines night after night. One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter. Yet this is not always the case.
    A famous actor in a highly successful play was once cast in the role of an aristocrat who had been imprisoned in the Bastille for twenty years. In the last act, a gaoler would always come on to the stage with a letter which he would hand to the prisoner. Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each performance, he always insisted that it should be written out in full.
    One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart. The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell. Just then, the gaoler appeared with the precious letter in his bands. He entered the cell and presented the letter to the aristocrat. But the copy he gave him had not been written out in full as usual. It was simply a blank sheet of paper. The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines. The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds. Then, squinting his eyes, he said: ’The light is dim. Read the letter to me’. And he promptly handed the sheet of paper to the gaoler. Finding that he could not remember a word of the letter either, the gaoler replied: ’The light is indeed dim, sire, I must get my glasses.’ With this, he hurried off the stage. Much to the aristocrat’s amusement, the gaoler returned a few moments later with a pair of glasses and the usual copy of the letter with he proceeded to read to the prisoner.
Lesson 25 The Cutty Sark
         “卡蒂萨克”号帆船
One of the most famous sailing ships of the nineteenth century, the Cutty Sark, can still be seen at Greewich. She stands on dry land and is visited by thousands of people each year. She serves as an impressive reminder of the great ships of past. Before they were replaced by steamships, sailing vessels like the Cutty Sark were used to carry tea from China and wool from Australia. The Cutty Sark was one the fastest sailing ships that has ever been built. The only other ship to match her was the Thermopylae. Both these ships set out from Shanghai on June 18th, 1872 on an exciting race to England. This race, which went on for exactly four exactly four months, was the last of its kind. It marked the end of the great tradition of ships with sails and the beginning of a new era.
    The first of the two ships to reach Java after the race had begun was the Thermopylae, but on the Indian Ocean, the Cutty Sark took lead. It seemed certain that she would be the first ship home, but during the race she had a lot of bad luck. In August, she was struck by a very heavy storm during which her rudder was torn away. The Cutty Sark rolled from side to side and it became impossible to steer her. A temporary rudder was made on board from spare planks and it was fitted with great difficulty. This greatly reduced the speed of the ship, for there was a danger that if she traveled too quickly, this rudder would be torn away as well. Because of this, the Cutty Sark lost her lead. After crossing the Equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead. Though the new rudder was fitted at tremendous speed, it was impossible for the Cutty Sark to win. She arrived in England a week after the Thermopylae. Even this was remarkable, considering that she had had so many delays. These is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race easily.
Lesson 33 A day can’t remember
             难忘的一天
We have all experienced days when everything goes wrong. A day may begin well enough, but suddenly everything seems to get out of control. What invariably happens is that a great number of things choose to go wrong at precisely the same moment. It is as if a single unimportant event set up a chain of reactions. Let us suppose that you are preparing a meal and keeping an eye on the baby at the same time. The telephone rings and this marks the prelude to an unforeseen series of catastrophes. While you are on the phone, the baby pulls the tablecloth off the table, smashing half your best crockery and cutting himself in the process. You hang up hurriedly and attend to baby, crockery, etc. Meanwhile, the meal gets burnt. As if this were not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives, unexpectedly bringing three guests to dinner.
    Things can go wrong on a big scale, as a number of people recently discovered in Parramatta, a suburb of Sydney. During the rush hour one evening two cars collided and both drivers began to argue. The woman immediately behind the two cars happened to be a learner. She suddenly got into a panic and stopped her car. This made the driver following her brake hard. His wife was sitting beside him holding a large cake. As she was thrown forward, the cake went right through the windscreen and landed on the road. Seeing a cake flying through the air, a lorry driver who was drawing up alongside the car, pulled up all of a sudden. The lorry was loaded with empty beer bottles and hundreds of them slid off the back of the vehicle and on to the road. This led to yet another angry argument. Meanwhile, the traffic piled up behind. It took the police nearly an hour to get the traffic on the move again. In the meantime, the lorry driver had to sweep up hundreds of broken bottles. Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake. It was just one of those days!
Lesson 35 Justice was done
            伸张正义
The word justice is usually associated with courts of law. We might say that justice has been done when a man’s innocence or guilt has been proved beyond doubt. Justice is part of the complex machinery of the law. Those who seek it undertake an arduous journey and can never be sure that they will find it. Judges, however wise or eminent, are human and can make mistakes.
    There are rare instances when justice almost ceases to be an abstract concept. Reward or punishment are meted out quite independent of human interference. At such times, justice acts like a living force. When we use a phrase like ’it serves him right’, we are, in part, admitting that a certain set of circumstances has enabled justice to act of its own accord.
    When a thief was caught on the premises of large jewellery store on morning, the shop assistants must have found it impossible to resist the temptation to say ’it serves him right.’ The shop was an old converted house with many large, disused fireplaces and tall, narrow chimneys. Towards midday, a girl heard a muffed cry coming from behind on of the walls. As the cry was repeated several times, she ran to tell the manager who promptly rang up the fire brigade. The cry had certainly come form one of the chimneys, but as there were so many of them, the fire fighters could not be certain which one it was. They located the right chimney by tapping at the walls and listening for the man’s cries. After chipping through a wall which was eighteen inches thick, they found that a man had been trapped in the chimney. As it was extremely narrow, the man was unable to move, but the fire fighters were eventually able to free him by cutting a huge hole in the wall. The sorry-looking, blackened figure that emerged, admitted at once that he had tried to break into the shop during the night but had got stuck in the chimney. He had been there for nearly ten hours. Justice had been done even before the man was handed over to the police.
 
D组:流利英语Fluency in English
背诵范围选自《新概念英语》第四册:
新概念英语4 Lesson 2 
Spare that spider
不要伤害蜘蛛
Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the harm to us or our belongings.
    Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and insect never more than six.
    How many spiders are engaged in this work no our behalf? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre; that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.
新概念英语4 Lesson 5
Youth
青年
People are always talking about ’the problem of youth’. If there is one -- which I take leave to doubt -- then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings -- people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.
    When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain -- that I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem. For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.
    I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things. All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things. It’s as if they were, in some sense, cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures. All that is in my mind when I meet a young person. He may be conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous or fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect of elders -- as if mere age were a reason for respect. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.
新概念英语4 Lesson 8   Trading standards           贸易标准
Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables. No, say the American: our fowl are fine, we simply clean them in a different way. These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries. It is not just farmers who are complaining. An electric razor that meets the European Union’s safety standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States, and an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU’s okay before is hits the market in Europe.
    As it happens, a razor that is safe in Europe is unlikely to electrocute Americans. So, ask businesses on both sides of the Atlantic, why have two lots of tests where one would do? Politicians agree, in principle, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal which would eliminate the need to double-test many products. They hope to finish in time for a trade summit between America and the EU on May 28TH. Although negotiators are optimistic, the details are complex enough that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal at all.
    Why? One difficulty is to construct the agreements. The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and them hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing. The EU -- following fine continental traditions -- wants agreement on general principles, which could be applied to many types of products and perhaps extended to other countries.
 新概念英语4 Lesson 17
 A man-made disease
人为的疾病
In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit. This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits. It overran a whole continent. It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle. Scientists discovered that this particular variety of rabbit (and apparently no other animal) was susceptible to a fatal virus disease, myxomatosis. By infecting animals and letting them loose in the burrows, local epidemics of this disease could be created. Later it was found that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits. So while the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging this one. It effectively spread the disease all over the continent and drastically reduced the rabbit population. It later became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease, so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be completely exterminated. There were hopes, however, that the problem of the rabbit would become manageable.
    Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence. A French physician decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on his own estate and introduced myxomatosis. It did not, however, remain within the confines of his estate. It spread through France, Where wild rabbits are not generally regarded as a pest but as sport and a useful food supply, and it spread to Britain where wild rabbits are regarded as a pest but where domesticated rabbits, equally susceptible to the disease, are the basis of a profitable fur industry. The question became one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented.
新概念英语4 Lesson 25
     Non-auditory effects of noise
        噪音的非听觉效应
May people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time; they are not prepared even to admit
the possibility that noise affects people. On the other hand, those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a quieter society. This isa pity, because noise abatement really is a good cause, and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with had science.
    One allegation often made is that noise produces mental illness. A recent article in a weekly newspaper, for instance, was headed with a striking illustration of a lady in a state of considerable distress, , , with the caption ’She was yet another victim, reduced to a screaming wreck’. On turning eagerly to the text, one learns that the lady was a typist who found the sound of office typewriters worried her more and more until eventually she had to go into a mental hospital. Now the snag in this sort of anecdote is of course that onemerely a symptom? Another patient might equally well complain that her neighbours were combining to slander her and ersecute her, and yet one might be cautious about believing this statement.
    What is needed in case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions, to discover whether they are mentally ill more often than other people are. Some time ago the United States Navy, for instance, examined a very large number of men working on aircraft carriers: the study was known as Project Anehin. It can be unpleasant to live even several miles from an aerodrome; if you think what it must be like to share the deck of a ship with several squadrons of jet aircraft, you will realize that a modern navy is a good place to study noise. But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors. This result merely confirms earlier American and British studies: if there is any effect of noise upon mental health, it must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it. That does not prove that it does exist: but it does mean that noise is less dangerous than, say, being brought up in an orphanage -- which really is mental health hazard.
Lesson 40 Waves
Waves are the children of the struggle between ocean and atmosphere, the ongoing signatures of infinity. Rays from the sun excite and energize the atmosphere of the earth, awakening it to flow, to movement, to rhythm, to life. The wind then speaks the message of the sun to the sea and the sea transmits it on through waves – and ancient, exquisite, powerful message.
These ocean waves are among the earth’s most complicated natural phenomena. The basic features include a crest ( the highest point of the wave), a trough (the lowest point), a height (the vertical distance from the trough to the crest), a wave length (the horizontal distance between two wave crests), and a period(which is the time it takes a wave crest to travel one wave length).
Although an ocean wave gives the impression of a wall of water moving in your direction, in actuality waves move through the water leaving the water about where it was. If the water was moving with the wave, the ocean and everything on it would be racing in to the shore with obviously catastrophic results. An ocean wave passing through deep water causes a particle on the surface to move in a roughly circular orbit, drawing the particle first towards the advancing wave, then up into the wave, then forward with it and then – as the wave leaves the particles behind – back to its starting point again. From both maturity to death, a wave is subject to the same laws as any other ‘living’ thing. For a time it assumes a miraculous individuality that, in the end, is reabsorbed into the great ocean of life. The undulating waves of the open sea are generated by three natural causes: wind, earth movements of tremors, and the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. Once waves have bean generated, gravity is the force that drives them in a continual attempt to restore the ocean surface to a flat plain.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
     

     
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